Real property used in a taxpayer’s trade or business is excluded from the IRS’s definition of a capital asset, enabling taxpayers to take advantage of the generally more beneficial ordinary loss deduction rather than the capital loss deduction upon its sale. As the petitioners discovered in Keefe v. Commissioner, 2020 WL 4032469 (2d Cir. July 17, 2020), however, the treatment of a sale of real estate as a sale of business property rather than a sale of a capital asset needs to be backed up by the facts, and an incorrect characterization on a tax return can be quite expensive.

In Badgley v. United States, the 9^th Circuit upheld summary judgment in favor of the IRS in a case regarding the legality of including the entire grantor-retained annuity trust (GRAT) value in a decedent’s estate for purposes of the estate tax under 26 U.S.C. § 2036(a)(1).

A GRAT is an irrevocable trust that meets the requirements of 26 U.S. Code § 2702. A GRAT is usually used to transfer appreciating assets to the next generation with minimal taxes due. When property is transferred to the GRAT, then such property is subject to gift taxes on the present value of the GRAT’s remainder interest, in accordance with 26 U.S. Code § 7520. A reduction in the gift value of trust property is permitted if the grantor retains an annuity interest in the trust. However, if the beneficiary is a family member, then the annuity interest must be a qualified interest under §2702. Trust property can be transferred to the beneficiary without gift tax implications by modifying the trust term and annuity amount in a way as to zero out any remainder. But what about estate taxes if the grantor dies during the annuity payout period?

By Mary E. Vandenack, founding and managing member of Vandenack Weaver LLC

Significant amounts of wealth are likely to be transferred over the next 25 years. The United States has an aging population in control of an estimated $59 trillion in assets. A growing area of case law in the United States has been that of tortious interference with inheritance. Tortious interference with inheritance occurs when an individual, by fraud or duress, or other tortious means, intentionally prevents another from receiving an inheritance or gift that he would otherwise have received. Tortious interference is rooted in and related to other concepts such as undue influence and fraud.